Acidic hydrolysis of the cladinose sugar of 6-O-allylerythromycin A (III) with HCl in ethanol/water yields the 3-hydroxy intermediate (IX), which is first protected at the 2'-OH group with acetic anhydride or benzoyl anhydride to (Xa) or (Xb) and then oxidized with NCS and dimethyl sulfide to the 3-oxoerythromycin derivatives (XIa) or (XIb). The reaction of (XIa) with CDI and LiH or (XIb) first with CDI and NaHMDS, then with DBU and finally with CDI and NaH, provides the 12-O-(1-imidazolylcarbonyl)erythromycin derivatives (XIIa) and (XIIb), which are cyclized with aqueous ammonia to the cyclic carbamates (VII) and (XIIIb). Finally, these compounds are condensed with 3-bromoquinoline (VIII) by means of palladium acetate, tris(o-tolyl)phosphine and Et3N in acetonitrile and deprotected with methanol 60-80%.
Alkylation of silylated erythromycin oxime (I) with allyl bromide in the presence of t-BuOK provided allyl ether (II). After acid hydrolysis of the cyclo hexylidene ketal of (II), the oxime group was removed by treatment with NaHSO3 and formic acid to afford ketone (IV). Subsequent cleavage of the 3-O-cladinose unit of (IV) by hydrolysis with HCl furnished ketolide (V). The 2'-hydroxyl group of (V) was then protected by benzoylation with benzoic anhydride yielding (VI).
Oxidation of the 3-hydroxyl group of (VI) by means of N-chlorosuccinimide in the presence of Me2S and Et3N produced ketone (VII). A 3-quinolinyl moiety was further introduced on the allyl group of (VII) by treatment with 3-bromoquinoline (VIII) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and tri-o-tolyl phosphine to yield (IX). Finally, the benzoate ester of (IX) was cleaved by treatment with boiling MeOH.
The title ketolide was synthesized starting from 2',4''-bis-O-trimethylsilylerythromycin A 9-O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)oxime (I). Selective alkylation of (I) at the 6-hydroxyl group with propargyl bromide (II) furnished the propargyl ether (III). Then, acidic hydrolysis of the oxime ketal and the silyl ether groups of (III) provided (IV). Conversion of oxime (IV) into the corresponding ketone (V) was accomplished via diazotization with NaNO2 and HCl. The 2' and 4'' hydroxyl groups of (V) were then protected by esterification with acetic anhydride and DMAP to afford diacetate (VI). Treatment of (VI) with carbonyldiimidazole and NaH caused the elimination of the 11-hydroxyl group and formation of the 12-O-imidazolide (VII).
Conversion of imidazolide (VII) into the cyclic carbamate (VIII) was carried out employing liquid ammonia in cold acetonitrile. The 3-cladinose moiety of (VIII) was then selectively removed by smooth acidic hydrolysis, yielding (IX). Subsequent oxidation of the 3-hydroxyl group of (IX) by means of N-chlorsuccinimide in the presence of dimethyl sulfide led to the ketolide compound (X). Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 3-bromoquinoline (XI) to the terminal acetylenic position of (X) furnished (XII). The title compound was finally obtained by methanolysis of the 2'-acetate group of (XII) at room temperature.
The alkylation of 2',4''-di-O-(trimethylsilyl)erythromycin A 9-O-(1-isopropoxycyclohexyl)oxime (I) with allyl bromide (II) by means of potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO/THF, followed first by acidification with acetic acid and then by treatment with NaHSO3/HCO2H, gives 6-O-allylerythromycin A (III), which is acylated with acetic anhydride in acetonitrile, yielding the diacetate (IV). Reaction of (IV) with either carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and LiH or CDI and sodium hexamethyldisilazane (NaHMDS) in THF affords the 12-O-(imidazolylcarbonyl)erythromycin derivative (V), which is cyclized with NH4OH in acetonitrile / THF, giving the cyclic carbamate (VI). Elimination of the cladinose group of (VI) by treatment with HCl in ethanol/water followed by reaction with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and dimethyl sulfide in dichloromethane provides the ketolide (VII), which is condensed with 3-bromoquinoline (VIII) under Heck coupling conditions, palladium acetate, tris(o-tolyl)phosphine and Et3N in acetonitrile, and finally deprotected with MeOH 60-80%.
A new synthesis of ABT-773 has been reported: The acylation of erythromycin A 9-oxime (I) with acetic anhydride, TEA and DMAP in THF gives the 2',4'',9-tri-O-acetylerythromycin A 9-oxime (II), which is first condensed with 3-(3-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-ol tert-butyl carbonate (III) by means of Pd2(dba)3 and dppb in toluene and then treated with NaOH to yield 2',4''-di-O-acetyl-6-O-[3-(3-quinolinyl)-2-propenyl]erythromycin A 9-oxime (IV). Reaction of oxime (IV) with NaHSO3 and HOAc in water/THF affords 4''-O-acetyl-6-O-[3-(3-quinolinyl)-2-propenyl]erythromycin A (V), which is benzoylated with benzoic anhydride and TEA in isopropyl acetate/THF to provide 4''-O-acetyl-2'-O-benzoyl-6-O-[3-(3-quinolinyl)-2-propenyl]ery- thromycin A (VI). The reaction of compound (VI) with carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) and ammonia gas in THF/DMF gives the 11-N,12-O-cyclic carbamate erythromycin A derivative (VII). The intermediate 3-(3-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-ol tert-butyl carbonate (III) has been obtained by Grignard condensation of quinoline-3-carbaldehyde (X) with vinylmagnesium bromide (XI) in THF to give the secondary alcohol (XII), followed by esterification and simultaneous rearrangement with Boc2O in the same solvent.
The treatment of cyclic carbamate (VII) with HCl in ethanol produces the cleavage of the cladinosyl sugar moiety, resulting in the 3-hydroxyerythromycin derivative (VIII), which is oxidized with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in dichloromethane to yield the 3-oxoerythromycin A derivative (IX). Finally, this compound is debenzoylated in refluxing methanol.